Wednesday, May 13, 2020

science news 13.5.2020

Today's selection of science news. Links are normally to press releases on EurekAlert (at the bottom end I may also add a couple of newspaper stories). I include quotes from the summary in italics in cases where the title alone doesn't reveal what the story is about. My own thoughts appear without italics if I have any.



evolution

Can we really tell male and female dinosaurs apart?
I know I can't

Ancient reptile had mammal-like tooth enamel, study shows


ecology

Alaskan rainforests are a global lichen hotspot, new study shows

Moths have a secret but vital role as pollinators in the night

Ants use collective 'brainpower' to navigate obstacles


conservation

Over-harvesting could wipe out water frogs in parts of Turkey


biomedical

Testing suggests 3% of NHS hospital staff may be unknowingly infected with coronavirus

Vitamin D determines severity in COVID-19 so government advice needs to change


humans

Geometry guided construction of earliest known temple, built 6,000 years before Stonehenge
Researchers at Tel Aviv University and the Israel Antiquities Authority have now used architectural analysis to discover that geometry informed the layout of Göbekli Tepe's impressive round stone structures and enormous assembly of limestone pillars, which they say were initially planned as a single structure.



Göbekli Tepe, Enclosure C.
Credit: Gil Haklay/AFTAU.

What we can't see can help us find things
Anyone who's ever tried to find something in a hurry knows how helpful it is to think about the lost item's color, size and shape. But surprisingly, traits of an object that you can't see also come into play during a search, Johns Hopkins University researchers found.

Children with autism face higher risk of eating disorders
Children with autistic traits are more likely than their peers to develop an eating disorder, according to a new UCL-led study.


dystopian futures

AI techniques in medical imaging may lead to incorrect diagnoses

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From the news media:


Transparency is key in a crisis - so why isn't the British government being straight with us?

asks Stephen Reicher, member of the SAGE subcommittee on behaviour, in the Guardian.




Monday, May 11, 2020

keep calm

Open Archive Day


I'm not particularly stressed right now, but I still get a feeling that it may be a good time to revisit my 2014 feature on how the blue mind (the relaxed state of mind we cultivate eg when we're enjoy doing nothing next to a body of water) relates to the red mind (the high-adrenaline state of mind we need to respond to danger).

So adapting the message to today's situation in the UK: Keep calm, stay home, ignore the Prime Minister.

Anyhow here's the feature:

Chronic stress means we’re always on the hunt


It was published with one of my own photos:



which I still like so I'll use it again. It's also at the top of my twitter profile page. The view is of Frankfurt seen from the banks of the river Main.

Sunday, May 10, 2020

the cello suites

The cello suites: In search of a baroque masterpiece
Eric Siblin
Vintage paperback 2011


I remember seeing this book on a special display at Blackwells Music shop when it came out in hardback in 2009. I think they put up Steven Isserlis’s recent recording of the suites on a display stand next to it. At that point the suites went way over my head, so I didn’t buy it then.

Years later, the young cellist prepared the pair of bourrées from the third suite for her grade 7 exam and I got to learn a little bit about how these things work, and then I watched a masterclass where Natalie Clein taught three Oxford students who had prepared different movements of the suites, and her explanations still resonate. Now with the corona crisis shutting down my normal schedule of musical activities, I’ve started tackling the suites myself, starting with those bourrées, and now working through the first suite. At some point I remembered the book I saw back in 2009 and ordered a copy. In the swing of my lockdown cello obsession I read it immediately.

The book is a nicely intertwined braid of three strands, including the lives of Johann Sebastian Bach and Pablo Casals (who famously dragged the suites out of obscurity) and the voyage of discovery of the author. Siblin isn’t a cellist himself, he plays guitar and managed to learn the famous prelude of the first suite on this instrument, but very quickly gave up an attempt at learning the cello. He also joined a choir workshop to sing a Bach cantata for a weekend. (Heck, I’ve been singing the B minor mass for a whole term, I win!) Other than that, it’s very much a journalistic effort based on extensive reading and interviewing a few relevant people like the cellist Mischa Maisky, who recorded the suites and also played one of them for Casals.

Siblin had a particularly lucky break when an old man he overheard saying the word cello in a Montreal café turned out to be Walter Joachim (1912-2001), the former principal cellist in the city's symphony orchestra, who told him about how he saw Casals playing the suites in Düsseldorf in 1927. (Which is a very significant date for me, as I have photos of my great-grandfather playing cello in a string quartet in nearby Elberfeld in the same year. Did he also go and see Casals? I’ll probably never know.)

All this makes for a lovely story of multiple discoveries, connections, losses as well – Bach’s original manuscript of the suites has never been found! I was encouraged to learn that Casals, who discovered the suites at age 13, spent more than 10 years working on them before he started playing them in public. As for Bach, I feel the book helps me a little bit to get closer to understanding his mind. Although it is no substitute for actually playing his music.




Saturday, May 09, 2020

maths for dummies

So tomorrow the UK govt. is to announce some loosening of coronavirus restrictions. They are already quite loose, not nearly as draconian as what was happening in Spain and in France, but hey, I'm all in favour of letting people sunbathe in the nearest park, and if there isn't enough space, force the golf clubs to open their gates. But are we ready to come out of lockdown?

As the government is clearly struggling with elementary maths, I have taken to keeping track of numbers myself, based on the official death counts (probably only half of the real number of casualties, but let's stick with the firm figures).

So where do we stand with the figures now? By yesterday, 8.5. we had 31,241 official deaths announced. That's 3731 up within 7 days, giving an average of 533 per day (weekly averaging is necessary, because the weekend figures are artificially low).

Two weeks ago, week ending 25.4., that figure was 693
, so it is coming down, but it hasn't even halved. Close to peak deaths, for the 7 days ending 18.4., I calculated an average of 798 (at that point it was hospital deaths only), there may have been higher numbers nearby, but the average didn't reach 1000. So it's come down by a third in three weeks, and at this rate it will come down by another third by the end of May, so we'll be at 357 daily deaths by the end of the month (and approaching a total of 40,000).

So what does that tell us about coming out of lockdown? If mortality among those infected is 1%, the new figure tells us that three weeks ago, right in the middle of our 6-week lockdown, there were still more than 50,000 people getting infected every single day. Applying our 33% decay from above, we should now be at 33,000 per day. Which is way too many to control.

In order to control and contain new infections, you will perhaps need 10 times more tests than you have new infections, to be able to test the contacts of each new case identified. So right now we would need 330,000 tests per day (and the people to handle them). At the moment there is no chance of that happening, so no exit from lockdown possible.

How about the end of the month? In another 3 weeks, coming down 33% again, we might be at 22,000 new infections per day, and the government promises 200,000 tests per day, so at that point it would be a struggle, but it could work under competent management. Which we don't have. But good luck if you want to try.

Oh, and one more thing, we now see very clearly that the infection rate is coming down much more slowly than it went up - essentially because the R value, even though below 1, is a lot closer to 1 than it was on the other side, when it was around 3. Which completely invalidates the govt. argument that introducing restrictions too early would mean people get tired of them too early and the lockdown would fail. On the contrary, if they had introduced the same measures 10 days earlier, when daily infection rates were ten times lower, we would have a much smaller hill to climb down from, maybe 10,000 new infections instead of 100,000 (as calculated from deaths 3 weeks after, not from the tests which are insufficient) per day, so at that point, a six week lockdown would have easily brought down the new infections from 10,000 by 33% in three weeks, then by 33% again in another three weeks to 4,400, which would be manageable with the testing capacity we have right now. And we would already be in a post-lockdown regime of testing and tracking right now.

That thing in early May about the perceived risks of locking down early may have been an error. It may very well have been a lie.



In case you need inspiration for your holiday activities, last week's Spiegel cover was quite funny.


Update 14.5. watching the decay of the death rate this week, it appears that it is coming down a bit faster than I estimated above, by 22% in seven days, which could give us a 50% decline in the three weeks from 7th to the 28h of May, so average daily deaths could drop below 275. After that, the effect of this week's chaotic loosening of restrictions will kick in and who knows what happens. Death rates may very well go up again. Last summer, when Johnson chose his first cabinet, my first thought was "deatheaters". Didn't think that this would come true quite so fast.



Friday, May 08, 2020

science news 8.5.2020

Today's selection of science news. Links are normally to press releases on EurekAlert (at the bottom end I may also add a couple of newspaper stories). I include quotes from the summary in italics in cases where the title alone doesn't reveal what the story is about. My own thoughts appear without italics if I have any.



conservation

Benthos in the Antarctic Weddell Sea in decline
between 1988 and 2014, total benthic biomass on the continental shelf of the northeast Weddell Sea declined by two thirds


nanoworld

Dendrimers finally have what it takes to break into the laser scene
Dendrimers were so exciting in the 90s and I covered them in my nanoworld book, but then all those futuristic applications failed to materialise and these days I very rarely see papers about them. I really wanted to show the image here, but it said "Unauthorized use is prohibited" so that's too bad. Click through to the PR to see it.

High color purity 3D printing
a new method to obtain high color purity 3D objects with the use of a new class of nanoparticles.


biomedical

Bioethicist calls out unproven and unlicensed 'stem cell treatments' for COVID-19
Back in mid March, when I was writing my feature on stem cell "cures", searches already brought up the occasional offer of a cure for covid-19.

Vitamin D linked to low virus death rate
Good excuse to do some more sunbathing.

Study finds breathing and talking contribute to COVID-19 spread

By the third day most with COVID-19 lose sense of smell


sustainability

Planting trees is no panacea for climate change, ecologist writes in Science commentary

Using digital twins to design more sustainable cities


humans

Beer was here! A new microstructural marker for malting in the archaeological record


Genomes of the ancient Andes, analyzed



An international research team has conducted the first in-depth, wide-scale study of the genomic history of ancient civilizations in the central Andes mountains and coast before European contact. The analysis included representatives of iconic civilizations in the Andes from whom no genome-wide data had been reported before, including the Moche, Nasca, Wari, Tiwanaku and Inca. Shown here is a detail from the Tiwanaku Gate of the Sun.
Credit: Miguel Angel López


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From the news media:

Thursday, May 07, 2020

science news 7.5.2020

Today's selection of science news. Links are normally to press releases on EurekAlert (at the bottom end I may also add a couple of newspaper stories). I include quotes from the summary in italics in cases where the title alone doesn't reveal what the story is about. My own thoughts appear without italics if I have any.




evolution

Fossil reveals evidence of 200-million-year-old 'squid' attack

Arctic Edmontosaurus lives again -- a new look at the 'caribou of the Cretaceous'


ecology

Outsmarting the enemy: Treefrogs rely on [auditory] illusions to find a mate without being eaten
Camouflaging your call by synchronising with others - kind of like singing in a choir when you're not all that strong a singer, to avoid being eaten by the musical director ...



Researchers at Purdue University have discovered that male treefrogs reduce their attractiveness to predators and parasites by overlapping their mating calls with their neighbors.
Credit: Purdue University photo/Henry Legett

Bat 'super immunity' may explain how bats carry coronaviruses


light and life

Scientists shed light on essential carbon-fixing machinery in bacteria
This is about the carboxysomes of cyanobacteria.


food and drink

Scientists revealed usefulness of culinary herbs
... a fast and cost-effective method of detecting and identifying bioactive compounds in complex samples such as plant extracts. They successfully applied the method to examine Mediterranean and Australian native culinary herbs.


humans

Police stop fewer black drivers at night when a 'veil of darkness' obscures their race
All cats are grey by night ... maybe police officers could me made to wear glasses that have the same effect?

Workers happy despite crisis and uncertainty
In general, workers in Switzerland and Germany are coping well with the COVID-19 crisis and the associated social disruption. They are feeling happier and finding it easier to unwind and balance work and private life. They are also more engaged at work than last year, a survey among 600 participants carried out by researchers of the University of Zurich shows.



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From the news media:

Wednesday, May 06, 2020

science news 6.5.2020

Today's selection of science news. Links are normally to press releases on EurekAlert (at the bottom end I may also add a couple of newspaper stories). I include quotes from the summary in italics in cases where the title alone doesn't reveal what the story is about. My own thoughts appear without italics if I have any.



ecology

Yellow-legged gull adapts its annual lifecycle to human activities to get food
Intrigued to see the species is called Larus michahellis - it puts the hell into michael since 1840!



The experts warn it is necessary to better know the ecological impact of opportunist species in natural ecosystems
Credit: Isabel Afán (EBD-CSIC)


nanoworld

An artificial 'tongue' of gold to taste maple syrup
a new test using gold nanoparticles to establish the flavour profile of maple syrup and help producers evaluate its quality.


biomedical

Unraveling one of prion disease's deadly secrets
In a new paper in Nature Structural and Molecular Biology by Tricia Serio, dean of the College of Natural Sciences and professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at UMass Amherst, and others, report an unanticipated role for prion nucleation seeds that enhances their ability to appear and resist curing.


Covid-19

Coronavirus structure clue to high infection rate

Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 offer insights into virus evolution
By analyzing virus genomes from over 7,500 people infected with COVID-19, a UCL-led research team has characterized patterns of diversity of SARS-CoV-2 virus genome, offering clues to direct drugs and vaccine targets, in a study published today in Infection, Genetics and Evolution.

Early government intervention is key to reducing the spread of COVID-19
Researchers compared the spread of COVID-19 infections between Hunan province in China and Italy. They found early and strict government intervention is a key factor in reducing the number of infections caused by the novel coronavirus. The team developed a mathematical model that demonstrated how the speed of the transmission can change as governments implement different preventive measures at varying timeframes.


sustainability

Oceans should have a place in climate 'green new deal' policies, scientists suggest

Fossil fuel-free jet propulsion with air plasmas


humans

Spending time in the garden linked to better health and wellbeing


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From the news media:

A very interesting obituary appeared belatedly in yesterday's print edition of the Guardian: William Frankland, pioneer of allergy treatments and the pollen count. He was 108 years old and still worked at age 105. The obit is a bit messy, I assume it's been sitting in the files for 40 years and was just dug out and updated a bit. I wanted to know, for instance, what happened to Frankland's identical twin.



Tuesday, May 05, 2020

science news 5.5.2020

Today's selection of science news. Links are normally to press releases on EurekAlert (at the bottom end I may also add a couple of newspaper stories). I include quotes from the summary in italics in cases where the title alone doesn't reveal what the story is about. My own thoughts appear without italics if I have any.



astrobiology

Life on the rocks helps scientists understand how to survive in extreme environments
This is about life in the Atacama Desert of Chile, one of the driest places on Earth, and a model for habitats on Mars.



In the Atacama Desert in northern Chile, one of the driest places on Earth, microorganisms live beneath a thin layer of rock to gain some protection from harsh winds, solar radiation and heat. Nooks and crannies in the rocks is also where water, while limited, may collect.
Credit: Jocelyne DiRuggiero/Johns Hopkins University


Exoplanets: How we'll search for signs of life
An interdisciplinary team of researchers, led by Arizona State University, has provided a framework called a 'detectability index' to help prioritize exoplanets to study and provide scientists with a tool to select the best targets for observation and maximize the chances of detecting life.


evolution

New ancient plant captures snapshot of evolution
Researchers have discovered an ancient plant species whose reproductive biology captures the evolution from one to two spore sizes -- an essential transition to the success of the seed and flowering plants we depend on.


ecology

Predators help prey adapt to an uncertain future
What effect does extinction of species have on the evolution of surviving species? Evolutionary biologists have investigated this question by conducting a field experiment with a leaf galling fly and its predatory enemies. They found that losing its natural enemies could make it more difficult for the prey to adapt to future environments.

Last supper: Fish use sharp barbs and spines to fight off hungry seals

Magnetic pulses alter salmon's orientation, suggesting navigation via magnetite in tissue


nanoworld

To make an atom-sized machine, you need a quantum mechanic

Imaging technology allows visualization of nanoscale structures inside whole cells


biomedical

Activation of the SARS coronavirus 2 revealed
A viral spike protein mediates entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells and harbors an unusual activation sequence. This sequence is cleaved by the cellular enzyme furin and the cleavage is important for the infection of lung cells. These results define new starting points for therapy and vaccine research. In addition, they provide information on how coronaviruses from animals need to change in order to be able to spread in the human population.


dystopian futures

Robot vacuum cleaner conveys seven dwarf personalities by movement alone
Researchers used a vacuum cleaner and the personalities of three of the Seven Dwarfs from Snow White to demonstrate that people can correctly infer a robot's personality solely by how it moves.
I'm sure Disney will be pickung up this idea in no time.

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From the news media:

The UK is now certain to exceed my prediction of 33,000 deaths from Covid-19. Today, figures from the Office for National Statistics combined with results from Scotland and NI amount to more than 32,000.



Monday, May 04, 2020

before Neanderthals and Denisovans

I have written quite a few pieces about Neanderthals and Denisovans in recent years, but not all that much about the earlier stages of human evolution. This was mainly because I usually covered molecular / genetic studies into prehistoric populations, beginning with the first attempts at the Neanderthal genome and leading up to today's remarkably rich, genetically based accounts of our prehistory.

The limited shelf life of DNA means that we aren't likely to see any comparable details regarding the populations and species that came before Neanderthals and Denisovans, the likes of Homo erectus and Australopithecus afarensis. However, researchers have now succeeded in getting protein sequences from teeth of human relatives up to 800,000 years old, which drives the molecular investigation of human evolution much deeper into the past than has been possible before. Which was a good excuse to expand the range of my coverage as well and look into the deeper layers of our evolution in my feature which is out now:

Digging deeper into human evolution


Current Biology Volume 30, Issue 9, 04 May 2020, Pages R371-R374

FREE access to full text and PDF download




Homo erectus remains have been found in Africa, Europe and Asia. This skull is from the Dmanisi cave in Georgia, where samples for successful proteomic analyses were also obtained. (Photo: Rama/Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0 FR).)

Sunday, May 03, 2020

a railway man

We know shockingly little about my greatgreatgrandfather in the paternal line, the father of Heinrich the cellist. We do know that he worked for the railways (Bahnassistent it says on some documents), and we know of four different places of residence in different phases of his life, so I now checked up when these places got their railways, and it so happens that the dates when they were connected match the dates when my ancestor was there, so I am assuming he was involved in setting up the railways more than running it, until he reached his terminus, which was Tangermünde. This is reminiscent of another railwayman ancestor in the same generation who had five daughters, whose birthplaces follow the development of the Alsace railwayline very neatly, moving northwards from Mulhouse.

For Richard the railwayman the moves are a bit less tidy and we have a lot less information, but here is a glimpse of his moves:

Johann Friedrich Richard Groß (1852-1913)

1852 born in Breslau (Wroclaw). His parents are orphans in the sense that we don't know their parents, so I'm throwing out their names here in the hope of catching something: Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Groß born 1830, a carpenter, and Rosina Faudner from Chursangwitz. They had married in June 1852 in Breslau.
1874 he was spared military service due to crossed legs and height - not sure if he was too tall or too short but looking at his descendants as well as the literal meaning of our name being tall, I don't think he can have been too short.
1877 - 1879 he married twice-widowed Maria Louise Mentzel, presumably between the birth of her son from her second marriage, in 1877, and the birth of their daughter, below:
1880 daughter Gertrud born in Neurode, which was connected to the lines leading to Glatz and Waldenburg in 1879 and 1880, respectively
1882 son Heinrich (the cellist) born in Zella St. Blasii, where the local part of the mainline connecting Erfurt to Schweinfurt (and Berlin to Stuttgart, in fact if you look at the big picture) was completed in the years 1881-84.
1888 son attends school at first in Stendal, then in nearby Tangermünde. The railway line linking both places was completed in 1886. (Tangermünde had the important river port on the Elbe, but Stendal was bigger and eventually won the competition to get the mainline rail connection to Berlin).
The family remained in Tangermünde, where both children jointly celebrated their marriages in 1908, until Richard's death in 1913.

So at least that kind of explains his geographic mobility. Not quite sure what he did for the railways, but one document referred to him as an office clerk so it must habe been on the admin side rather than on the tracks.

And here's his signature from one of his son's school reports:



(not sure about the middle word in his job title here, but it could be "Bur." for Bureau, right? In which case we have Eisenb. Bur. Ass., or Railways office clerk.)

Update 15.10.2021: The railway families master post is now online.

Saturday, May 02, 2020

two decades of taking the mickey

Rounding up the science journalism published in German in March and April we have biodegradable plastics, molecular Ferris wheels, and the completion of my second decade of making scientifically-minded fun of things:

Umwelt: Biologie gegen Plastikmüll
Nachrichten aus der Chemie Volume 68, Issue 3, March 2020, Pages 76-78
Access via Wiley Online Library
related content in English

Ausgeforscht: Erkenne deine Grenzen

Nachrichten aus der Chemie Volume 68, Issue 3, March 2020, Page 106
Access via Wiley Online Library
(peer review helps authors to appreciate the limitations of their findings)

20 Jahre Ausgeforscht: Auf der Suche nach dem verlorenen Sinn
Nachrichten aus der Chemie Volume 68, Issue 4, April 2020, Page 14-15
Access via Wiley Online Library
This is my regular column celebrating its 20th birthday in the context of the April pages which are generally in the spirit of advanced tongue-in-cheekery; the second decade's worth of the column is collected in the Tabakschwärmer book, out now.

Aromaten: Ein Hückelsches Riesenrad
Chemie in unserer Zeit Volume 54, Issue, 2 April 2020, Page 76-77
Access via Wiley Online Library
Related content in English




Hey, I haven't done enough trumpet-blowing for the Tabakschwärmer book so I'll re-use it as illustration here ...

Friday, May 01, 2020

science news 1.5.2020

Today's selection of science news. Links are normally to press releases on EurekAlert (at the bottom end I may also add a couple of newspaper stories). I include quotes from the summary in italics in cases where the title alone doesn't reveal what the story is about. My own thoughts appear without italics if I have any.



astrobiology

Astronomers capture rare images of planet-forming disks around stars

Astronomers could spot life signs orbiting long-dead stars
To help future scientists make sense of what their telescopes are showing them, Cornell University astronomers have developed a spectral field guide for rocky worlds orbiting white dwarf stars.


ecology

Coffee plants have a small but consistent core microbiome of fungi and bacteria

Naked mole-rats need carbon dioxide to avoid seizures and here's why
Good for them that humans are changing the atmosphere to meet their needs.
A second PR for the same paper in Current Biology highlighted neuro-behavioural aspects:

Mole-rats' failure to social distance offers clue for treating some neurological disorders



This image shows an African naked mole-rat
Credit: Roland Gockel


conservation

Study helps arboreta, botanical gardens meet genetic diversity conservation goals
See also my feature on botanic gardens and their role in conservation (free access).


light and life

Eyes send an unexpected signal to the brain
a subset of retinal neurons sends inhibitory signals (circadian-related)


sustainability

Water is key in catalytic conversion of methane to methanol
Scientists reveal new details that explain how a highly selective catalyst converts methane, the main component of natural gas, to methanol, an easy-to-transport liquid fuel and feedstock for making plastics, paints, and other commodity products. The findings could aid the design of even more efficient/selective catalysts to make methane conversion an economically viable and environmentally attractive alternative to venting or flaring 'waste' gas.
Flaring should just be banned full stop.


humans

African skeletons from early colonial Mexico tell the story of first-generation slaves



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From the news media: